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This means to work more effectively
by extensively drawing on ideas and wisdom from many people. Proposed by Zhuge
Liang (181-234) during the period of the Three Kingdoms, it meant
that a leader should offer many opportunities for others to speak up and listen
humbly to all opinions, especially those which differ from his own. He should then
consider all aspects of the issue and make a correct decision. He absolutely
must not think himself infallible and acts arbitrarily. Pulling wisdom of the
people will keep everyone motivated and ensure success.
The term means the ability to reflect and evaluate. Confucian scholars considered this a unique quality of the human mind. By reflecting, a person will keep himself from being led astray or getting confused by what he sees or hears. Through reflecting, a person will discover the foundation of morality. This leads to understanding the way of heaven, and eventually, the essence of being human. Without reflecting, humans will lose their individual consciousness and independence.
A broad mind achieves greatness. Yourong (有容) means that one has the capacity to accommodate others. Da (大) refers to great courage and an important cause. Yourong is a moral standard, and more importantly, contains wisdom for survival. It is a conscious act of morality in pursuit of social harmony by managing and regulating relations between oneself and others on the basis of recognizing and respecting individual and social differences, without resorting to deliberate connivance or making unprincipled compromise. The term teaches people how to conduct themselves, particularly officials in exercising their administrative powers. That is, they should have a broad mind, open to different views and different things, like the sea accepting numerous rivers flowing into it. This is the way to cultivate great character and important achievements. Its meaning is similar to the term houde-zaiwu (厚德载物 have ample virtue and carry all things).
The expression means to learn widely from others so as to enrich one’s own artistic creation. Zhuanyi (转益) means to learn and absorb everything that can further one’s creativity; duoshi (多师) means to learn from many teachers. This comes from “Six Playful Quatrains” by Du Fu (712-770) of the Tang Dynasty. There are two related meanings in this term: 1) learn from the experience and skills of all masters, past and present; and 2) while learning and carrying on the best, also be discerning, so as to approach or conform to the traditions of meaning and form as expressed in The Book of Songs, and then develop one’s own poetic style. The expression later came to include not just poetry but also literature and art.
This expression, which is from The Book of Songs, was originally a subtle piece of advice to King Xuan of Zhou （？-782 BC） to recruit talented recluses to work for his country. Later, it became an allegory of using criticism from others to correct one’s own mistakes, and drawing on the experiences and practices of other people or other countries to improve oneself. This phrase expresses the open-mindedness of the Chinese people and their eagerness to benefit from others’ practices.
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