This term, first coined by Li Yu
(1611-1680), refers to the last scene of the first half of a play. It includes
the requirement for and techniques of concluding the first half of the play.
Besides the structural completeness of this section, all the relevant
characters and events should have appeared by now or been duly introduced, and
no ongoing event should be interrupted without a proper reason. Meanwhile, main
conflicts should have unfolded, leaving clues to be uncovered later and
keeping the audience in suspense. A serial drama, performed in multiple
installments, as well as extra long folklore, often use this withdrawal
technique to temporarily satisfy the audience's curiosity or keep them
guessing what is to come next.
This term refers to the final part of a drama. It contains a requirement as to how a dramatic or operatic performance should end; i.e., a natural and reasonable rather than stiff outcome of the characters and events in a play, making it possible for the audience to experience the pleasure of a complete plot with both calls and echoes, expansion and withdrawal, a start and an end, a cause and an effect, and a transformation from tension to relief and from expectation to satisfaction. In a word, a good conclusion should feature "a happy outcome for all" as Li Yu (1611-1680), the late Ming to early Qing drama theorist, said. This means not only the reunion of a family after a period of separation or the wedding of a loving couple, but also the completion of a play's circuitous structure. The final part of a play is the last step taken to close that circuit and reach a climax.
Beiqu (北曲), the Northern Opera, originated in northern China. It was based on northern folk songs that were popular in the Northern Song Dynasty or earlier, and its lyrics were often funny and simple. After the Southern Song Dynasty, northern China fell under the rule of the Jin and Yuan dynasties. As a result, songs, dances, and musical elements of Nüzhen, Mongolian and other ethnic groups were widely incorporated into the Northern Opera, making it a unique form of opera. At the same time, many writers became interested in the Northern Opera and wrote large numbers of excellent opera works. Compared with the lyrics of the literati of the Song period, the Northern Opera was simple, direct and sincere, and there was greater freedom in arranging rhythm. The Northern Opera was performed mainly in the form of short lyrics and cycles. As they dealt with various social themes, operas performed in this artistic form were referred to as zaju (杂剧 opera of various themes). Writer in the Yuan Dynasty had low social status, so they wrote a large number of Northern Opera works to express their emotion and views. They are represented by Guan Hanqing, Ma Zhiyuan (1251?-1321?), Bai Pu (1226-1306?) and Zheng Guangzu (?-1324?), collectively known as the top four Yuan Opera writers.
Nanxi (南戏), the Southern Opera, refers to the Han ethnic opera from the late Northern Song to the late Ming and the early Qing dynasties. The opera was created in the Wenzhou region when the Song court fled south. At the time, it was also known as chuanqi (传奇 drama), xiwen (戏文 play) as well as the Wenzhou Zaju (温州杂剧 Wenzhou Opera), the Yongjia Zaju (永嘉杂剧 Yongjia Opera), and the Yongjia Xiqu (永嘉戏曲 Yongjia Play). Drawing on local folk singing styles, the Southern Opera first developed on the basis of village operas without any traces of palace styles and rhymes, and it was noted for being natural and smooth in singing. A Tale of the Pipa, a play by Gao Ming (1301?–1370?), marked the maturity of the Southern Opera. The Southern Opera inherited the Song zaju and heralded the emergence of the legendary play of the Ming Dynasty. Legendary plays were long enough to accommodate multiple roles and all performers sang. The Southern Opera masterpieces include The Romance of a Hairpin, The Story of the White Rabbit, The Moonlight Pavilion, and The Killing of a Dog. Many operas in southern China were created based on the Southern Opera.
In a broad sense, the term means a style of traditional opera popular in the Jin Dynasty. In a narrow sense, it refers to the scores and librettos used in this type of drama, which was performed mainly in hangyuan (行院), or brothels, hence the name. This genre was very popular in the early Jin Dynasty but no separate, complete works have come down to us today. The format is as follows: short acts, simple plots, humorous language and comic gestures. The main performer fujing (副净) provides the humor while the supporting performer fumo (副末) provides comic backup. The form inherited a great deal from the Tang Dynasty two-person comic banter of canjunxi (参军戏) , and Song-dynasty zaju comedy. The brothel scores had a great influence on the development of the later Yuan zaju or opera.
Chuanqi (Legendary Story / Legendary Play)
This is a term for a literary form. It refers to three types of artistic works: 1) A type of short story in the Tang and Song dynasties that might be evolved from tales of the supernatural in the earlier Six Dynasties. Later its subjects widened to include social life, and stories about people and events. Chuan (传) means “legendary” and qi (奇) means “strange and unusual,” so the term originally means recounting tales of strange and extraordinary events that have been passed down by word of mouth. The work Legendary Stories by Pei Xing in the Tang Dynasty is probably the earliest work that uses the term. In the Song Dynasty, the Tang novel The Story of Yingying is considered a chuanqi, while the Yuan people called all Tang stories chuanqi of Tang. Song Dynasty chuanqi were more realistic and vernacular than those of the Tang. 2) Song-speech drama, Southern opera and Yuan zaju in the Song and Yuan dynasties, most of which were based on Tang stories. 3) Full-length operas in the Ming and Qing dynasties, which were based on the Southern Opera(Nanxi), and also included some Yuan zaju features. Typical works include The Story of Washing Gauze by Liang Chenyu (1519-1591), Peach Blossom Fan by Kong Shangren (1648-1718), The Palace of Eternal Life by Hong Sheng (1645-1704). The ancient style of chuanqi has evolved and been innovated over the centuries, both in story content and performance techniques. However, its main purpose is still to “tell stories of strange happenings and unusual people.”
Zaju, a unique dramatic genre of the Yuan Dynasty, grew out of the northern zaju of the earlier Song Dynasty. Originally drawing on popular local performing styles of the north, it later absorbed zhugongdiao, a kind of song-speech drama with mixed modes of musical tunes, as well as scores / scripts performed in brothels by courtesans of the Jin Dynasty. Well-known playwrights like Guan Hanqing in the early Yuan period refined and formalized these various styles into this unique dramatic genre. Zaju is made up of four acts, each with sets of songs starting from the same gongdiao note, and sung by the principal female or male performers. The gongdiao note changes with each act. The plots are complete and well-constructed, while the lively and interesting characters rely on a rich repertoire of dramatic gestures and expressions. Dadu, capital of the Yuan Dynasty, was a prosperous center of economic activity where scholars and performers mingled well, which encouraged the rapid growth of the zaju genre. However, the style declined together with the Yuan Dynasty and by the following Ming Dynasty, it had been replaced by other operatic and performing genres.