A person can be respected even though he may have a low social status. This concept was brought forth in the Confucian classic The Book of Rites. The term fufan (负贩) refers to a small trader who bears a toting pole on his shoulder to do business, and generally refers to people at the bottom of society. They were usually considered to be of low moral standards, but in reality this is not true. In accordance with rites, everyone should behave humbly and respect others, no matter how rich or poor they are. The rich should not be arrogant and extravagant, while the poor should try to improve their lot and be self-respecting. The dignity of human beings is based on rites. The concept embodies the spirit of reverence and equality.

Rites should by no means be left unlearned. The essential meaning of rites is to humble one’s self and respect others. Even peddlers have something to be respected for, let alone rich persons. When the rich and noble stress rites, they will not become arrogant and extravagant. When the poor and lowly stress rites, they will not become cowardly in their minds, not knowing what to do. (The Book of Rites)