This concept was coined by Mencius (372?-289BC), who advocated that one should make friends with a wide range of outstanding people. In addition to befriending contemporaries, one could also get acquainted with the ancients, reading the canonical texts left behind by them in order to understand their doctrines, ideas and views. In addition, he considered it necessary to “know
others and discuss the circumstances they are in,” and on this basis to examine what kinds of people they were, so as to understand their theories and how they were influenced by the circumstances they lived in.