Fa xianwang (法先王), as opposed to fa houwang (法后王), literally means “to follow the examples of ancient kings.” It represents a particular attitude towards history and tradition. Xianwang (先王) refers to ancient monarchs known for noble virtue and remarkable accomplishments in historical accounts, such as Yao, Shun, and Yu. Different schools of thought recognize different monarchs with their virtue and accomplishments. The idea of fa xianwang is not just about admiring the virtue and accomplishments of ancient kings, but also about following their examples in contemporary politics, as the deeds of the ancient kings serve as a legitimate foundation for government in reality.

The Confucian scholars follow the examples of ancient kings and revere rites and righteousness. They carry out subordinate duties in a prudent manner and help make their superiors noble and honorable. (Xunzi)

Why does the ruler not follow the rules and regulations of ancient kings? It is not because he lacks virtue but because the rules and regulations are no longer attainable and applicable. These rules and regulations, handed down through generations, have undergone additions or abridgements. How can they be obtained and followed in their entirety? (Master Lü’s Spring and Autumn Annals)