The poetic voice of Ji Kang ( 223-262, or 224-263) is marked by elevated clarity, while that of Ruan Ji (210-263) by unfathomable obscurity. These distinct styles are summarized by Liu Xie (465?-520? or 532?) in his examination of the evolution of Chinese poetry in The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons. Infused with a blend of Daoist insight and Confucian resolution, Ji Kang’s poetry offers a genuine expression of his aspirations and experiences. His works pulsate with vigor and spontaneity, exuding an unwavering attitude, a fervent emotional depth, and a keen intellect that sliced through the most complex of ideas. Ruan Ji’s poems, in contrast, are marked by a reserved demeanor and complex language, a reflection of the tumultuous political climate in which he lived. Analogies, associations, and symbolism permeate his work, as does a penchant for using the past to satirize the present and for infusing emotions into inanimate objects. In this manner, Ruan Ji crafted a style that delves into the enigmatic and obscure, a profound approach that touches on the inexpressible aspects of melancholy, depression, bitterness, anxiety, sadness, and desolation. Ji Kang and Ruan Ji each forged their own way, defying the strictures of Confucianism to fully express their unique personalities. This liberated approach allowed them to access a profound understanding of life and history, one that was both expansive and unrestrained. Liu Xie’s acclaim of Ji Kang and Ruan Ji’s independent personalities and profound poetic prowess cemented their status as literary legends. Their works remain a source of inspiration for later scholars and word connoisseurs who have strived to emulate their esteemed oeuvre.

Only the poetic voices of Ji Kang, with his elevated clarity, and Ruan Ji, shrouded in unfathomable obscurity, tower above all others. (Liu Xie: The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons)

I am similar to Ji Kang and Lü An in manners, both of whom had unbridled talent. However, Ji Kang had lofty aspirations and was inattentive to human affairs, while Lü An was broad-minded but proud and unrestrained. (Xiang Xiu: Ode to Bygone Days with Preface)

In the poetic verses of Courtier Ji Kang of the Jin Dynasty, there is an undeniable resemblance to the style of Cao Pi, Emperor Wen of Wei. Yet, Ji Kang’s approach is marked by its biting sharpness, and he was unduly direct with outspoken criticism and in expressing his talent – though this directness somewhat detracts from the profound elegance that so typifies the genre. Nevertheless, his works are characterized by their clear and far-reaching metaphorical imagery, imbuing them with a quality that is both instructive and exemplary. They are, undeniably, first-rate. (Zhong Rong: The Critique of Poetry)