From taxes and trails to trade and tillage – this line encompasses a set of progressive reforms introduced by Duke Wen of Jin (697 or 671-628 BC) during the Spring and Autumn Period that continue to resonate through history. By curtailing tax burdens for trade, keeping trade routes free from bandits and robbers, and alleviating taxes and corvee for peasants, the duke sought to energize farming and trade sectors, fuel production, and encourage the trans-regional flow of people, goods, and wealth, thereby amplifying societal prosperity. The modern relevance of this policy underscores the enduring value of creating an economic system that is open, accessible, and promotes mutual benefit.

Duke Wen of Jin thereupon went about lightening taxes, securing trade routes, promoting commercial business, and supporting agriculture. He inspired his people to engage in farming and advocated for the sharing of resources, while simultaneously reducing state expenditure to accrue greater riches. Tools and craftsmanship were refined and perfected, and moral teachings resonated through the air, enriching the moral fiber of the people. (Discourses on Governance of the States)