To
govern a state well, the ruler must select and employ those with outstanding virtue
and talent. However, he must also be tolerant and inclusive toward people of ordinary
virtue and aptitude. This is a successful combination of the traditional
Chinese political concepts of “exalting the worthy” and “being compassionate.”
In ancient China, many schools of thought advocated “exalting the worthy” or similar ideas. They asked those in power to employ worthy and able men and make effective use of them in governance by assigning them positions and responsibilities corresponding to their virtues. Virtue and talent were to be the first and foremost criterion in selecting officials. To the Confucians, empowering the virtuous and able was a useful complement to loving and caring for kinsmen. To the Mohists, empowering the virtuous and able was an important prerequisite for governance that “conforms upwardly.”
Love of others must follow the rules of moral conduct, and not be unprincipled, selfish or indulgent. De(德) here refers to moral behavior and consciousness, and is the foundation for upholding proper social order. Loving the people is on a personal emotional level, while morality is a set of commonly accepted rules of social conduct. If not grounded in morality, loving the people will go against the common social norms, and harm the integrity of both giver and receiver. The term expresses a spirit of respect for morality, social order, and common good.
When no sagacious person was ignored, all men with virtue and talent were employed by the government. This is a demonstration of the ancient concept of “ exalting the worthy.” Since ancient times, China has emphasized that people should be appointed to official positions in accordance with their virtue, and each person should perform his or her role to the fullest. This was believed to guarantee the sound governance of the state. All systems for selecting people for official posts in ancient China, including selection by recommendations or by imperial examinations, were established on the basis of this conception. The principle of “no sagacious person is ignored” was regarded as one of the symbols of good governance of a country.
A broad mind achieves greatness. Yourong (有容) means that one has the capacity to accommodate others. Da (大) refers to great courage and an important cause. Yourong is a moral standard, and more importantly, contains wisdom for survival. It is a conscious act of morality in pursuit of social harmony by managing and regulating relations between oneself and others on the basis of recognizing and respecting individual and social differences, without resorting to deliberate connivance or making unprincipled compromise. The term teaches people how to conduct themselves, particularly officials in exercising their administrative powers. That is, they should have a broad mind, open to different views and different things, like the sea accepting numerous rivers flowing into it. This is the way to cultivate great character and important achievements. Its meaning is similar to the term houde-zaiwu (厚德载物 have ample virtue and carry all things).
Literally, this term means “united, we’ll be as solid as a fortress.” With concerted effort, people collectively can generate tremendous strength and be able to overcome all difficulties. Zhi, the second character in the term, means will, and cheng, the last character, means the wall of a fortress. The whole term implies three most important elements: ( 1 ) the factor of human capability; ( 2 ) human spirit and courage; and ( 3 ) unity of the people.
The term means that those who win the hearts of the people or get the service of the talented will rise while those who lose the hearts of the people or fail to get the talented people will perish. Ren (人) stands for people’s hearts as well as people’s talents. This saying, which comes from Records of the Historian, has two connotations. First, the rise and fall of a country or government depend on winning people’s hearts. Only by winning people’s hearts and responding to their wishes can a country or government continue to thrive. This is in accord with the philosophy that “people’s will is the foundation of the state” and “people are the foundation of the state.” Second, talents are critical to the rise and fall of a country or government. Only by identifying and recruiting the most capable and most upright people, and by suitably employing them can a great cause be completed and a country and its government remain stable and secure. Winning people’s hearts is closely related to attracting the talented. Winning people’s hearts will eventually draw in the talented, and recruiting the talented will eventually help win people’s hearts. All leaders, be they heads of states, groups or teams, should follow this notion of ruling.
When two people are of the same mind, their combined strength is like a sharp blade which can cut through metal. “Two people” here could mean two brothers, husband and wife, or any two persons working together. “Of the same mind” here means the people sharing the same vision and thinking. This metaphorical term means that people of the same mind will create great strength and can overcome any obstacles. It stresses the importance of concerted efforts and cooperation, which will generate great power.